Publications

@article{song2026differentiable,
	author = {Song, Xiaotian and Zeng, Peng and Lensen, Andrew and Zhang, Hengzhe and Ou, Yuwei and Sun, Yanan and Zhang, Mengjie and Lv, Jiancheng},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
	doi = {10.1109/TPAMI.2026.3734437},
	year = {2026},
	month = {sep 16},
	pages = {1--18},
	title = {Differentiable {Genetic} {Programming} for {High}-dimensional {Symbolic} {Regression}},
}

@article{shabanov2026machine,
	author = {Shabanov, Ilya and Lensen, Andrew and Tonkin, Jonathan and Deslippe, Julie R.},
	journal = {Journal of Ecology},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.70344},
	number = {5},
	year = {2026},
	month = {6},
	pages = {e70344},
	title = {A machine learning framework for mapping shifts in species' abundance from long-term monitoring data},
	volume = {114},
}

@article{mayuravaani2026single,
	author = {Mayuravaani, Mathuranathan and Kleijn, W. Bastiaan and Lensen, Andrew and S\o{}rensen, Charlotte},
	journal = {arXiv},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2603.02724},
	year = {2026},
	month = {mar 3},
	title = {Single {Microphone} {Own} {Voice} {Detection} based on {Simulated} {Transfer} {Functions} for {Hearing} {Aids}},
}

@article{gonzalez2026interpretable,
	author = {Gonzalez, Sara and Lensen, Andrew and Lavretsky, Philip},
	journal = {SSRN},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.6253711},
	year = {2026},
	month = {feb 17},
	title = {Interpretable {Wildlife} {Classification} by {Coupling} {Genetics}, {Scoring} {Systems}, and {Computer} {Vision}},
}

@article{cravens2025genetic,
	author = {Cravens, Ben and Lensen, Andrew and Maddigan, Paula and Xue, Bing},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence},
	doi = {10.1109/TETCI.2025.3561666},
	number = {1},
	year = {2026},
	month = {2},
	pages = {676--688},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Explainable} {Manifold} {Learning}},
	volume = {10},
}

@article{shabanov2026salma,
	author = {Shabanov, Ilya and Deslippe, Julie R. and Lensen, Andrew},
	journal = {Ecological Informatics},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103592},
	year = {2026},
	month = {2},
	pages = {103592},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {SALMA: A {Machine} {Learning} {Tool} for {Precise} {Leaf} {Morphology} {Measurements}},
	volume = {93},
}

@article{shabanov2025climate,
	author = {Shabanov, Ilya and Tonkin, Jonathan and Lensen, Andrew and Deslippe, Julie},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	doi = {10.1101/2025.11.18.689113},
	year = {2025},
	month = {nov 18},
	title = {Climate-{Driven} {Forest} {Reassembly} {Follows} {Divergent} {Functional} {Pathways} in {Cold}- and {Warm}-{Adapted} {Communities}},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2025/11/18/2025.11.18.689113},
	howpublished = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2025/11/18/2025.11.18.689113},
}

@article{maddigan2025reidentification,
	author = {Maddigan, Paula and Lensen, Andrew and Shaw, Rachael C.},
	journal = {arXiv},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2510.08775},
	year = {2025},
	month = {oct 14},
	title = {Re-{Identifying} {K}{\= a}k{\= a} with {AI}-{Automated} {Video} {Key} {Frame} {Extraction}},
}

@inproceedings{maddigan2024reidentification,
	author = {Maddigan, Paula and Ehrhardt, Oskar and Lensen, Andrew and Shaw, Rachael C.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {Conference} on {Image} and {Vision} {Computing} {New} {Zealand} ({IVCNZ})},
	doi = {10.1109/IVCNZ64857.2024.10794473},
	year = {2024},
	month = {dec 4},
	pages = {1--6},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Re-{Identification} of {Individual} {K}{\= a}k{\= a}: An {Explainable} {DINO}-{Based} {Model}},
}

@inproceedings{andersen2024interpretable,
	author = {Andersen, Hayden and Lensen, Andrew and Browne, Will N. and Mei, Yi},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO}) {Companion}},
	doi = {10.1145/3638530.3654370},
	year = {2024},
	month = {jul 14},
	pages = {247--250},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Interpretable {Local} {Explanations} {Through} {Genetic} {Programming}},
}

@article{maddigan2024explaining,
	author = {Maddigan, Paula and Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing},
	journal = {arXiv},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2403.03397},
	year = {2024},
	month = {mar 6},
	title = {Explaining {Genetic} {Programming} {Trees} using {Large} {Language} {Models}},
}

@article{mei2022explainable,
	author = {Mei, Yi and Chen, Qi and Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation},
	doi = {10.1109/TEVC.2022.3225509},
	number = {3},
	year = {2023},
	month = {nov 25},
	pages = {621--641},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	title = {Explainable {Artificial} {Intelligence} by {Genetic} {Programming}: A {Survey}},
	volume = {27},
}

@article{lythe2023explainable,
	author = {Lythe, Matt and de Cos, Gabriella Mazorra and Mingallon, Maria and Lensen, Andrew and Galloway, Christopher and Knox, David and Auvaa, Sarah and Kumarasinghe, Kaushalya},
	year = {2023},
	month = {11},
	publisher = {AI Forum New Zealand},
	title = {Explainable {AI}--building trust through understanding},
}

@inproceedings{andersen2023producing,
	author = {Andersen, Hayden and Lensen, Andrew and Browne, Will N. and Mei, Yi},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO})},
	doi = {10.1145/3583131.3590444},
	year = {2023},
	month = {jul 15},
	pages = {393--401},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Producing {Diverse} {Rashomon} {Sets} of {Counterfactual} {Explanations} with {Niching} {Particle} {Swarm} {Optimization} {Algorithms}},
}

@article{zeng2023differentiable,
	author = {Zeng, Peng and Song, Xiaotian and Lensen, Andrew and Ou, Yuwei and Sun, Yanan and Zhang, Mengjie and Lv, Jiancheng},
	journal = {arXiv},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2304.08915},
	year = {2023},
	month = {apr 18},
	title = {Differentiable {Genetic} {Programming} for {High}-dimensional {Symbolic} {Regression}},
}

@inproceedings{schofield2023genetic,
	author = {Schofield, Finn and Slyfield, Luis and Lensen, Andrew},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Genetic} {Programming} ({EuroGP})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-29573-7_2},
	year = {2023},
	month = {apr 12},
	pages = {19--35},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {A {Genetic} {Programming} {Encoder} for {Increasing} {Autoencoder} {Interpretability}},
	volume = {13986},
}

@article{osullivan2023feature,
	author = {O'Sullivan, Fintan and Escott, Kirita-Rose and Shaw, Rachael C. and Lensen, Andrew},
	journal = {arXiv},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2301.06678},
	year = {2023},
	month = {jan 17},
	title = {Feature-based {Image} {Matching} for {Identifying} {Individual} {K}{\= a}k{\= a}},
}

@inproceedings{stanley2022using,
	author = {Stanley, Michael and Lensen, Andrew and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Symposium} {Series} on {Computational} {Intelligence} ({SSCI})},
	doi = {10.1109/SSCI51031.2022.10022081},
	year = {2022},
	month = {dec 4},
	pages = {1--6},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Using {Neural} {Networks} to {Automate} {Monitoring} of {Fish} {Stocks} },
}

@inproceedings{zhang2022speeding,
	author = {Zhang, Rui and Lensen, Andrew and Sun, Yanan},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Pacific} {Rim} {International} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({PRICAI})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-20862-1_38},
	year = {2022},
	month = {nov 10},
	pages = {1--14},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Speeding up {Genetic} {Programming} {Based} {Symbolic} {Regression} {Using} {GPUs}},
}

@article{lensen2021genetic,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation},
	doi = {10.1109/TEVC.2021.3106672},
	number = {4},
	year = {2022},
	month = {aug 23},
	pages = {661--675},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Manifold} {Learning}: Preserving {Local} {Topology}},
	volume = {26},
}

@article{rodger2022explainable,
	author = {Rodger, Harry and Lensen, Andrew and Betkier, Marcin},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand},
	doi = {10.1080/03036758.2022.2114506},
	year = {2022},
	month = {aug 15},
	pages = {1--15},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	title = {Explainable {Artificial} {Intelligence} for {Assault} {Sentence} {Prediction} in {New} {Zealand}},
}

@inproceedings{andersen2022evolving,
	author = {Andersen, Hayden and Lensen, Andrew and Browne, Will N. and Mei, Yi},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC55065.2022.9870283},
	year = {2022},
	month = {jul 18},
	pages = {1--8},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Evolving {Counterfactual} {Explanations} with {Particle} {Swarm} {Optimization} and {Differential} {Evolution}},
}

@inproceedings{zeng2022large,
	author = {Zeng, Peng and Lensen, Andrew and Sun, Yanan},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO}) {Companion}},
	doi = {10.1145/3520304.3528892},
	year = {2022},
	month = {jul 9},
	pages = {619--622},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Large {Scale} {Image} {Classification} {Using} {GPU}-based {Genetic} {Programming}},
}

@inproceedings{andersen2022improving,
	author = {Andersen, Hayden and Lensen, Andrew and Browne, Will N.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO}) {Companion}},
	doi = {10.1145/3520304.3534027},
	year = {2022},
	month = {jul 9},
	pages = {1752--1756},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Improving the {Search} of {Learning} {Classifier} {Systems} {Through} {Interpretable} {Feature} {Clustering}},
}

@article{lensen2020genetic,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics},
	doi = {10.1109/TCYB.2020.2970198},
	number = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {nov 9},
	pages = {5468--5482},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Evolving} a {Front} of {Interpretable} {Models} for {Data} {Visualization}},
	volume = {51},
}

@inproceedings{andersen2021genetic,
	author = {Andersen, Hayden and Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC45853.2021.9504855},
	year = {2021},
	month = {jun 28},
	pages = {688--695},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Evolving} {Similarity} {Functions} {Tailored} to {Clustering} {Algorithms}},
}

@inproceedings{schofield2021using,
	author = {Schofield, Finn and Lensen, Andrew},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC45853.2021.9504848},
	year = {2021},
	month = {jun 28},
	pages = {704--711},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Using {Genetic} {Programming} to {Find} {Functional} {Mappings} for {UMAP} {Embeddings}},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2021mining,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Genetic} {Programming} ({EuroGP})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-72812-0_16},
	year = {2021},
	month = {apr 7},
	pages = {247--262},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {Mining {Feature} {Relationships} in {Data}},
	volume = {12691},
}

@article{lensen2019genetic,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	journal = {Evolutionary Computation},
	doi = {10.1162/evco_a_00264},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	month = {dec 1},
	pages = {531--561},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Evolving} {Similarity} {Functions} for {Clustering}: Representations and {Analysis}},
	volume = {28},
}

@inproceedings{schofield2020evolving,
	author = {Schofield, Finn and Lensen, Andrew},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC48606.2020.9185575},
	year = {2020},
	month = {jul 19},
	pages = {1--8},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Evolving {Simpler} {Constructed} {Features} for {Clustering} {Problems} with {Genetic} {Programming}},
}

@article{lensen2019multi,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Zhang, Mengjie and Xue, Bing},
	journal = {Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines},
	doi = {10.1007/s10710-020-09375-4},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	month = {feb 5},
	pages = {399--431},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {Multi-{Objective} {Genetic} {Programming} for {Manifold} {Learning}: Balancing {Quality} and {Dimensionality}},
	volume = {21},
}

@misc{lensen2019thesis,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew},
	doi = {10.26686/wgtn.17142221.v1},
	year = {2019},
	month = {9},
	pages = {268},
	school = {Te Herenga Waka---Victoria University of Wellington},
	title = {Evolutionary {Feature} {Manipulation} in {Unsupervised} {Learning}},
	type = {phdthesis},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2019can,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Genetic} {Programming} ({EuroGP})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-16670-0_8},
	year = {2019},
	month = {apr 24},
	note = {Best paper},
	pages = {114--130},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {Can {Genetic} {Programming} {Do} {Manifold} {Learning} {Too}?},
	volume = {11451},
}

@article{alsahaf2019survey,
	author = {Al-Sahaf, Harith and Bi, Ying and Chen, Qi and Lensen, Andrew and Mei, Yi and Sun, Yanan and Tran, Binh and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand},
	doi = {10.1080/03036758.2019.1609052},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	month = {apr 15},
	pages = {205--228},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	title = {A survey on evolutionary machine learning},
	volume = {49},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2018automatically,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO})},
	doi = {10.1145/3205455.3205552},
	year = {2018},
	month = {jul 15},
	pages = {458--465},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Automatically {Evolving} {Difficult} {Benchmark} {Feature} {Selection} {Datasets} with {Genetic} {Programming}},
}

@inproceedings{oneill2018particle,
	author = {O'Neill, Damien and Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC.2018.8477974},
	year = {2018},
	month = {jul 8},
	pages = {1--8},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Particle {Swarm} {Optimisation} for {Feature} {Selection} and {Weighting} in {High}-{Dimensional} {Clustering}},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2018generating,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Genetic} {Programming} ({EuroGP})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-77553-1_6},
	year = {2018},
	month = {apr 4},
	pages = {84--100},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {Generating {Redundant} {Features} with {Unsupervised} {Multi}-tree {Genetic} {Programming}},
	volume = {10781},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2017New,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th {International} {Conference} on {Simulated} {Evolution} and {Learning} ({SEAL})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-68759-9_44},
	year = {2017},
	month = {nov 10},
	pages = {543--555},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {New {Representations} in {Genetic} {Programming} for {Feature} {Construction} in k-{Means} {Clustering}},
	volume = {10593},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2017GPGC,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO})},
	doi = {10.1145/3071178.3071222},
	year = {2017},
	month = {jul 15},
	pages = {449--456},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {GPGC: genetic programming for automatic clustering using a flexible non-hyper-spherical graph-based approach},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2017Improving,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Genetic} and {Evolutionary} {Computation} {Conference} ({GECCO}) {Companion}},
	doi = {10.1145/3067695.3075962},
	year = {2017},
	month = {apr 19},
	pages = {237--238},
	organization = {ACM},
	title = {Improving k-means clustering with genetic programming for feature construction},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2017Using,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on the {Applications} of {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({EvoApplications}), {Part} {I}},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-55849-3_35},
	year = {2017},
	month = {apr 19},
	pages = {538--554},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {Using {Particle} {Swarm} {Optimisation} and the {Silhouette} {Metric} to {Estimate} the {Number} of {Clusters}, {Select} {Features}, and {Perform} {Clustering}},
	volume = {10199},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2016Particle,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Xue, Bing and Zhang, Mengjie},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Symposium} {Series} on {Computational} {Intelligence} ({SSCI})},
	doi = {10.1109/SSCI.2016.7850124},
	year = {2016},
	month = {dec 6},
	pages = {1--8},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Particle {Swarm} {Optimisation} {Representations} for {Simultaneous} {Clustering} and {Feature} {Selection}},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2016Genetic,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Al-Sahaf, Harith and Zhang, Mengjie and Xue, Bing},
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Genetic} {Programming} ({EuroGP})},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-30668-1_4},
	year = {2016},
	month = {mar 30},
	pages = {51--67},
	organization = {Springer},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for {Region} {Detection}, {Feature} {Extraction}, {Feature} {Construction} and {Classification} in {Image} {Data}},
	volume = {9594},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2015hybrid,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Al-Sahaf, Harith and Zhang, Mengjie and Xue, Bing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {Conference} on {Image} and {Vision} {Computing} {New} {Zealand} ({IVCNZ})},
	doi = {10.1109/IVCNZ.2015.7761564},
	year = {2015},
	month = {nov 23},
	pages = {1--6},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {A hybrid {Genetic} {Programming} approach to feature detection and image classification},
}

@inproceedings{lensen2015Genetic,
	author = {Lensen, Andrew and Al-Sahaf, Harith and Zhang, Mengjie and Verma, Brijesh},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} {Congress} on {Evolutionary} {Computation} ({CEC})},
	doi = {10.1109/CEC.2015.7257191},
	year = {2015},
	month = {may 25},
	pages = {2468--2475},
	organization = {IEEE},
	title = {Genetic {Programming} for algae detection in river images},
}